The protesters in an affluent neighbourhood of Amman carried Palestinian flags and chanted: "They said Hamas is terrorist. All of Jordan is Hamas"
Russia's defence ministry said that its military facilities had not been damaged by a major earthquake that struck central Turkey and northwest Syria on Monday.
Russia, which is closely allied with the Syrian government led by President Bashar al-Assad, maintains a significant military presence in the country.
The earthquake has killed about 300 people and injured hundreds as buildings have collapsed across the region, triggering searches for survivors.