The duo came together after the Caribbeans lost their opener in the first over without a run on the board at the Manuka Oval in Canberra on Tuesday.
They smashed the hapless Zimbabwe bowlers to all parts of the field with a total of 21 boundaries and 19 sixes and scored all 372 runs posted by their side.
The previous record of 331 was held by Indian pair Sachin Tendulkar and Rahul Dravid, which scored against New Zealand in Hyderabad in 1999.
The same year, Dravid paired Sourav Ganguly for the highest partnership in World Cup competitions, 318, against Sri Lanka.
Gayle (215) and Samuels (133) imperious stand was broken in the last ball of the innings but not before the former had raced to the first double century in World Cups, adding to a number of other records also broken during the West Indies innings.