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Published : 02 May 2025, 03:43 PM
Doris Au, a seller of door locks and hardware in Hong Kong for 25 years, received a letter from her bank, DBS Group, last June stating that her business account would be closed. The bank gave little explanation but subsequently froze the account, killing her business with international suppliers, she said.
Au discovered after searching online that another firm with a similar name was added to the US trade blacklist in October 2023 for "providing support to Russia's military and/or defense industrial base." The entry identified two addresses, one of which was Au's warehouse.
"We are not that company. It's totally a mistake," Au told Reuters in her warehouse stacked with locks, hinges and sliding-door kits from well-known brands.
Au's predicament captures the challenge facing the administration of US President Donald Trump as it ramps up limits on China's access to American technology by adding dozens of Chinese firms to its blacklist.
A Reuters review of almost 100 Chinese and Hong Kong companies added to the US entity list in 2023 and 2024 found more than a quarter, or 26 entries, contained erroneous details, such as incorrect names and addresses and outdated information.
For each listed entity, Reuters visited at least one address identified by the US to determine whether the blacklisted firms were still there. Businesses at those locations included a beauty salon, a tutoring firm, a massage parlour and a counselling center.
At one site in Shenzhen, Reuters found weed-covered remnants of a factory locals said was demolished years earlier.
Yet Reuters also found evidence of trade in restricted items by some entities, aided by loopholes, paper companies and networks of freight forwarders and shipping agents, illustrating the challenge of containing access to sensitive technology.
The entity list, established in 1997, has become an increasingly important tool for the US to limit technology transfers to Russia and China, including semiconductors, that might undermine US security. It is managed by the Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS), a Commerce Department agency.
Five former US officials acknowledged difficulties in evaluating possible cases of mistaken identity and updating information on the entity list, due in part to limited staffing. BIS is "woefully under-resourced," one said.
Many listed entities are front companies, said Matthew Borman, who until March was a senior BIS official overseeing US export controls, including those targeting China and Russia.
"The challenge is that they can move to a different address with a different name," he said.
BIS and the Commerce Department didn't respond to detailed questions about errors on the trade blacklist and any actions to rectify them.
Singapore-based DBS DBSM.SI declined to comment on Au's case. In its letter to Au, DBS didn't mention the entity list but said it had reviewed her business account and found "activity/information that is not consistent with your account profile."
TRADE FLOWS
Under the Biden administration, the US sought to limit transfers of technology that Russia needed for its war in Ukraine. The US added hundreds of entities to contain Moscow's access to such components, many made in China. It also used the list to limit China's access to advanced capabilities in AI, military modernisation and quantum technology.
That trend is continuing under Trump.
US Commerce Secretary Howard Lutnick said in March that China must be prevented from getting US chips, noting the success of Chinese AI startup DeepSeek. He said the US would bring export controls into future trade deals.
The Commerce Department has claimed some success from its export controls in stemming chip flows to Russia via Hong Kong and China. But they don't catch everything.
Ukraine's KSE Institute think tank found 76% of all common high priority items likely to be procured by Russia for its weapons programs, including semiconductors, radar and communications gear, were routed through China and Hong Kong in 2023.
Russian customs records show 20 of the 92 entity-listed companies visited by Reuters were exporting restricted items to Russia in December 2023, the most recent month for which a complete dataset was available. Those items, including semiconductors, were valued at $7.5 million.
A Hong Kong government spokesperson said the region had robust controls of strategic trade in line with international standards, but it would not implement unilateral sanctions imposed by other countries.
China's Commerce Ministry didn't respond to questions about trade in U.S.-restricted items with Russia. Moscow's embassy in Washington also didn't respond to questions.
Blacklisted companies and addresses are barred from receiving restricted US goods. Transactions with listed entities aren't necessarily prohibited but should be treated with a "red flag," and parties involved should conduct due diligence, BIS says on its website.
Borman said entities are listed based on BIS analysts' review of open-source and classified information, and the process involves the Commerce, State, Defense, and Energy departments.
Denis Makkaveev, the Hong Kong-based director of Global Broker Solutions Limited, a freight-forwarding company that was entity-listed in 2023, told Reuters he was visited by two BIS agents in October.
In an email seen by Reuters, BIS told Makkaveev it wanted to conduct a "post shipment verification" on a 2024 shipment "to discuss the end use and the end user of the item".
The item wasn't specified and Makkaveev told Reuters he had no idea what it was.
"I'm the forwarder, the logistics guy. I don't trade military goods," Makkaveev said in his office in an industrial building, showing some of the semiconductors he was shipping.
Makkaveev said he got around his company's blacklisting by setting up two new firms on Hong Kong's Companies Registry, which took less than a week. He said he used e-commerce platforms to process payments after banks shunned him.
GHOSTS OF ENTITIES PAST
Around half of the entity-listed locations Reuters visited were company secretarial, or COMSEC, firms. They act as host addresses for businesses formed by overseas and China-based individuals on Hong Kong's Companies Registry.
Some had overspilling mailboxes. Others were tiny cubicles in dilapidated industrial buildings.
Staff at nine COMSEC firms whose addresses were identified by the US as hosting blacklisted companies told Reuters the entities in question were no longer on their books. At one COMSEC firm, Inter Group, a manager surnamed Yang said it still represented hundreds of companies linked to people in Russia.
Banks that facilitate transactions for entities shipping restricted goods to Russia or China can face hefty fines from the US Accordingly, Reuters found some banks monitored customers for any links to the entity list.
That's also where errors in the list came into play.
Crystal Ng, who owns Tsz Yu Beauty salon in Hong Kong, said HSBC and Dah Sing Bank rejected her applications for accounts last year.
She said she learned from one of the banks that her office address was entity-listed when she moved there in late 2023, adding that the former tenant was a company secretarial firm.
In the end, Ng moved her salon to another address, after which she was able to open a business account with Dah Sing, she said.
Benjamin Kostrzewa, a former US official and trade lawyer who advises financial institutions on export controls, said some addresses were "haunted by ghosts of sanctioned entities past."
Many banks have compliance protocols that automatically screen thousands of names daily to ensure they don't fall afoul of US authorities, Kostrzewa said.
"In my experience, banks are often over-compliant," he added, "and sometimes they make mistakes."
HSBC declined to comment on Ng's case. Dah Sing didn't respond to questions.
LOCKED OUT
Au's business name, Win Key (China-Hong Kong) Limited, resembles Win Key and its aliases Win Key Ltd and Win Key Limited, which BIS added to the entity list in 2023.
Russian customs data provided by Olena Bilousova, senior researcher at the KSE Institute, and reviewed by Reuters show Win Key Ltd shipped $147 million of goods to Russia that year, including $104 million in restricted items such as chips and communications equipment. The data show none of the goods came from Au's warehouse.
The second address for Win Key Ltd identified by BIS was occupied by a company secretarial firm, Linkage Secretary Limited. It declined to comment about Win Key Ltd, which registry records show was dissolved in May 2024.
Lee Jan-chi, the Taiwan-based director of Win Key Ltd, couldn't be reached for comment at his residential address.
Taiwan joined the US and its allies in enforcing export controls on Russia after it invaded Ukraine. The island's economy ministry told Reuters it couldn't comment on specific cases, but said Hong Kong's Win Key Ltd had been added to Taiwan's trade blacklist last October.
Since her address was blacklisted by Washington, Au says, US and other foreign suppliers and couriers have refused to ship goods to her. She estimated her losses at over $600,000.
BIS says on its website that people can submit a request for an entity's listing to be removed or modified.
Au said she emailed BIS accordingly. She said she got a response in December seeking further information, which she provided, but hasn't heard more.
Two former US officials said the appeal process is rarely used and tends to be treated with skepticism by US authorities.
The entity list is "like the Hotel California," said Steve Coonen, a former export control expert and foreign affairs adviser for the US government.
"You can probably check in anytime you want, but you can't ever leave."
