Boeing-777 'Akash Prodip' took off from the Budapest Ferenc Liszt International Airport at 10am local time (3:15pm BdST) on Wednesday with the premier and her entourage on board.
The aircraft is expected to touch down the Shahjalal International Airport in Dhaka at around 12am on Thursday.
The prime minister acknowledged a traditional salute from the Hungarian armed forces during the departure.
Hasina's sister Sheikh Rehana and Bangladesh Ambassador to Hungary M Abu Zafar bid farewell to the prime minister.