PSG are on 69 points with four games left with Monaco trailing by 11 points
The 32-year-old has been replaced in Dunga's squad by Monaco right-back Fabinho, Xinhua news agency quoted the CBF as saying on Tuesday.
Alves suffered an adductor injury during Barcelona's 1-0 victory over Athletic Bilbao in the opening round of Spain's La Liga season on Sunday.
Brazil will meet Costa Rica in New Jersey on September 5 followed by a clash against the US in Foxborough, Massachusetts, three days later.