Sheikh Abdulaziz al-Sheikh was responding to questions on a television show in which he issues fatwas (religious decrees) after listening to viewers' questions.
Al-Sheikh said the board game was "included under gambling" and was "a waste of time and money and a cause for hatred and enmity between players".
To justify the ruling, he referred to a verse in the Quran banning "intoxicants, gambling, idolatry and divination", The Guardian said.
The game of chess, a board game, can be traced back to an ancient version called Chatrang, popular in Persia during 600 BC, IANS news agency said.
The name "chess" is a variant of the Persian "shah" (king) that replaced the original "shatranj" and "ajedrez" and came to be modified through dialect across Europe as 'check' and later "chess", IANS said.